How does adhesion work?

How does adhesion work?

Now there is a question: what makes the gelatinous substance stick to other things? A simple answer, you may be surprised. However, if you consider how many different types of glue there are and the different ways we can use them, it's not surprising. For every different glue, and every different surface we use on it, scientists believe that the various factors that combine the two factors are at work. But the fact is: no one can explain exactly every situation.

Four theories about how substances adhere through adsorption, chemical adsorption, mechanical adhesion and diffusion.

Artwork: Four theories about how things stick together. (1) Adsorption is a surface adhesion effect, which is caused by the small attraction between the adhesive and the substance to which it adheres. (2) Chemisorption involves the formation of chemical bonds between the adhesive and the substances it adheres to. (3) When a molecule crosses from one boundary to another, diffusion binds the two objects together, and vice versa. (4) When a glue fills the space between the two substances and the cracks inside them and forms a strong physical bond, mechanical adhesion occurs.

One of the main factors is called adsorption. When you spread the adhesive, it wets the surface you are applying. The very weak electrostatic force between glue molecules and surface molecules (physicist Johannes Diderick van der Waals (1837–1923) discovered van der Waals force, that is, van der Waals force) combines the two together. In order for adhesives to work properly, they must be spread thinly and wet the surface well. There is no actual chemical bond between the glue and the surface to which it is attached, only a lot of tiny attraction. Glue molecules stick to surface molecules like millions of microscopic magnets.

In some cases, adhesives can form stronger chemical bonds with the materials they contact. For example, if you use certain glues on certain plastics, the glue and plastic will actually fuse together, forming very strong chemical bonds. They effectively form new chemical compounds at the junction. This process is called chemical adsorption.

Absorption and chemical absorption are the chemical connections between the glue and the surface. Glue can also form a physical (mechanical) bond with the surface to which it is attached. The surface is assumed to be porous (full of pores). Glue can penetrate into these holes and grab them, just as a climber’s fingers grab a hole in a rock surface. This is the so-called mechanical principle of adhesives.

Another theory about how glue works suggests that glue can diffuse to the surface and vice versa, with molecules exchanging and mixing together at the junction. This is called diffusion theory.

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