Vinyl acetate monomers (VAM) are essential building blocks for a large number of water-based polymers. Vinyl acetate is prepared from ethylene by reacting it with oxygen and acetic acid over a palladium catalyst. The basic chemical reaction is shown below, along with the chemical structure of vinyl acetate monomer.
Vinyl acetate, a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, is rarely used in its pure form. Instead, it’s a precursor to other important industrial compounds. In 2019, the U.S. production volume of vinyl acetate amounted to a total of 1.54 million metric tons.
Vinyl acetate monomer can be polymerized in mass, solution, suspension or emulsion processes. In the latter process, the monomer of vinyl acetate can be polymerized while dispersed in water to form a milky white emulsion. When acted upon by free-radical initiators, the vinyl acetate monomers can be linked into long, branched chains of polymers. The repeating unit of the polymer is shown to the right:
In the emulsion polymerization products, polyvinyl acetate emulsion homopolymer and vinyl acetate-based emulsion copolymers have significant industrial importance. Polyvinyl acetate emulsion homopolymer was the first synthetic polymer latex to be made on a commercial scale, and today it accounts for 28 percent of the total waterborne synthetic latexes.
Vinyl acetate-based polymers are extremely versatile. The milky white fluid formed during emulsion polymerization can be processed directly into latex paints, in which the polymer forms a strong, flexible, adherent film. Vinyl acetate-based polymers also offer excellent adhesion to common substrates — one of the most common uses of a vinyl acetate-based polymer is white glue, otherwise known as Elmer’s glue or wood glue. These polymers have low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which means less off-gassing, odors and a lower environmental impact. Additionally, vinyl acetate-based polymers have higher viscosities, which means they are more resistant to flow — an important property for adhesives and paints. Combine these properties with low cost and ready availability, and you’ll find these polymers in many everyday products.
There are three major families of vinyl acetate-based polymers:
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